Complexity Theory as Applied to Nursing Essay - 4022 Words

Complexity Theory as Applied to Nursing, 2005 Abstract Many conventional ideas about the world we live in have been shaken to their foundations by the emerging concepts of chaos and complexity. Insights are now being gained from the application of complexity theory into phenomena varying in scale from the natural sciences such as biology to the concept of caring in the nurse-patient relationship. These new scientific ideas have significant implications for the theory and practice of nursing. This paper will cover four key concepts from complexity theory that will be introduced as relevance to nursing. These include: unpredictable dynamic systems; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; fuzzy and permeable boundaries;†¦show more content†¦If nothing is done, body mass will decline at a steady and predictable rate due to a catabolic metabolism. However, dynamic systems can produce startling variability over short time-scales due to their sensitivity to feedback. This variability can make the system appear chaotic and unpredictable, rather like the weather. However, computer analysis of such systems reveals that there is a deeper underlying order within the apparent chaos. There are rules governing the behavior of the system over a short range in space and time, therefore it is referred to as deterministic or predictable chaos. The challenge is to discover the rules and determine how they operate so that we might gain insight into the apparently chaotic behavior before us. Deterministic chaos should be distinguished from unpredictable chaos which refers to random fluctuation or background noise, often distractingly superimposed upon the bigger picture. This is often the case over long ranges and periods of time and cannot be predicted. It is not possible in human experience (Stacey, Douglas, Shaw, 2002). An individuals health behavior is influenced by feedback from his or her actions. Small decisions made today can have major, unforeseen consequences tomorrow. A moments reflection also reveals that the health care system and nursing has the characteristics of a dynamic system in that what happens today affectsShow MoreRelatedSymptom Management Theory ( Smt ) Of The University Of California1560 Words   |  7 PagesSymptom Management Theory The symptom management theory (SMT) of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), was revised by its faculty and students in 2001 (Smith Liehr, 2014). According to Dodd et al. (2001), the subjective experience that suggests alterations in an individual’s functioning, sensation, and cognition is called a symptom. Dodd et al. state that their theory provides a nonspecific symptom management model to guide nursing practice and research. The SMT has three overlappingRead MoreThe Complexity Of Complexity Science984 Words   |  4 PagesComplexity Science According to Butts and Rich (2015), complexity science is a knowledge founded on physics and mathematics that operates using basic principles to elucidate the connection between variables. Butts and Rich add that complexity science is a developing field of interest that is catching the attention of scholars from different disciplines because it provides a different viewpoint on various phenomena of interest. According to Sturmberg and Martin (2009), although there has been anRead MoreThe Development Of Middle Range Theory1474 Words   |  6 Pagesstarted to incorporate nursing theories into their research and clinical practices. The most of the early theories fell into category of â€Å"grand theory†. While nursing researchers initially tried to utilize the grand theory in to their research, due to its wide range of information it made the effort difficult. The development of middle range theory started to emerge in attempt to incorporate in nursing research and practice. Mi ddle range theory extend the understanding of nursing practice relevant toRead MoreTheory Analysis Essay712 Words   |  3 PagesNotes The ultimate goal of theory evaluation is to determine the potential of the theory to scientific knowledge. Hardy †¢ Theory evaluation: o meaningful and logical adequacy o Operational and empirical adequacy o Testability o Generality o Contribution to understanding o Predictability o Pragmatic adequacy Logical adequacy (diagramming) - identifying all theoretical terms (concepts, constructs, operational definitions, referents). Theory is a set of interrelated concepts and statements Read MoreThe Synergy Model For Patient Care1380 Words   |  6 Pagescare is a nursing model that is widely used in evidence-based research and nursing practice. 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Von Bertalanffy was not a biologist but he believed that the biological principles of cellularRead MoreTheory / Author Name And Background1361 Words   |  6 PagesTheory/author name and background Theories are used in nursing practice for various reasons to describe, explain, predict and prescribe. Grand theories (or conceptual models), provide a framework model for clinical practice, education, administration, methodology, and discipline inquiry, however, they cannot be applied directly to practice. As an alternative, middle-range theories are the ones that are applied directly into nursing practice and they must be consistent with the adopted conceptualRead MorePender s Health Promotion Model1128 Words   |  5 Pageson eight beliefs that can be assessed by nurses and are critical points for nursing interventions (Pender, 2011). The model posits that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that impact future actions. The Expectancy-Value Theory and the Social Cognitive Theory are the underlying theories of Pender’s model and are important in understanding the concepts she defines. The Expectancy-Value Theory proposes that the individual engages in actions to achieve goals that are perceivedRead MoreQuality Dimensions And Measures Tables882 Words   |  4 PagesQuality Dimensions and Measures Tables In 2000, a Cincinnati nursing home had an unfortunate accident in which a bottle of nitrogen was mistaken for pure oxygen. As a result, four residents passed away. This situation provides an opportunity for organizations to look at how their processes may lead to potential failures. It is also important to understand how certain conditions can influence errors and violation within the workplace. In this incidence, OSHA turned the case over to the FDA forRead MoreVirtual Reality and Nursing Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pagesreality is to help the user relate, assess, as well as manipulate the environment, which is computer generated (Weiss, and Jessel, 1998). The practice and use of computerized capability is swiftly increasing in nursing school and in healthcare. An evolving computer technology tactic for nursing learning is the application of virtual reality simulation. This computer built three dimensional information tool mimics patients in real life in a safe environment, allow ing recurring rehearsal sessions, it

Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 1044 Words

The Role of Religion and Government in Things Fall Apart In Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, the Ibo culture is presented through the lives of the people and the circumstances in which the natives have to rely on their understanding of the world and life through the customary teachings and ways of their ancestors. Customs like polygamy and polytheism are deeply rooted in the Ibo culture. The communities carry out many exercises of punishment and actions to ratify any wrong done. No harm is done without retribution. As the book progresses, it becomes evident that the way of life carried out by the people has somewhat of an unmovable and unwavering presence. However, the strength of the traditions and beliefs is heavily dependent on people who haven’t seen a culture and society that is very different from theirs. This leads the people to questioning and abandonment of the ways of the people and the destruction of the fabric which makes up their culture and heritage. The European religion was first placed to control the Africa ns minds; making them question the Gods their people were brought up believing. After becoming followers of Christ, the Europeans were able to control the actions of the Africans by making them believe that not only was their religion right, but their way of conducting society was as well. Violence and physical force was used on those who choose to cling to their heritage and not convert to Christianity. The story is mainly focused on Okonkwo and theShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1719 Words   |  7 PagesThings fall apart is a classic novel written around the turn of the century, the novel focuses on the protagonist who we can also call a hero, Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a wealthy and respected leader within the Igbo tribe of Umuofia in eastern Nigeria. Strong individual with a passionate belief in all the values and traditions of his people. Chinua Achebe presents Okonkwo as a particular kind of tragic protagonist, a great man who carries the fate of his people. Okonkwo is a man who is inflexible andRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1033 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Chinua Achebe is a famous Nigerian novelist in worldwide. Things fall apart is Chinua Achebe’s first novel published in 1958, the year after Ghana became the first African nation to gain independence. And this novel is one of the first African novels to gain worldwide recognition. (Phil Mongredien, 2010) This novel presents people a story of an African Igbo tribal hero, Okonkwo, from his growth to death. The fate of Okonkwo also indicates the fate of Africa caused by the colonizationRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart883 Words   |  4 Pagesdehumanize the native population and convince themselves that they are helping. Chinua Achebe’s book Things Fall Apart attempts to correct these misguided views of African societies by portraying a more complex culture that values peace, and the art of conversation. Achebe also tries to portray the idea that not all European people they come in contact with are aggressive, and misconstrued in their view of the African societ ies. Achebe tries to show us the value of his society through repeated views into conversationsRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1410 Words   |  6 PagesTeddy Manfre Ms. Blass ENG 209-001 April 24, 2017 Things Fall Apart In 1958, Chinua Achebe a famous Nigerian author publishes one of his most famous novels Things Fall Apart. The novel takes place in a Nigerian village called Umuofia. During the time that this novel is published Nigeria is being criticized by the Europeans for being uncivilized. In response, Achebe uses his brilliance in this novel to express the valued history of his people to his audience. His focus in the novel is on the pre-colonizedRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1015 Words   |  5 PagesIn his novel Things Fall Apart, author Chinua Achebe utilizes his distinctive writing style in order to accurately capture the culture and customs of the Igbo people despite writing his story in a foreign language. Five aspects of Achebe’s style that make his writing unique is the straightforward diction present in dialogue, the inclusion of native parables convey Igbo life authentically, the inclusion of native Igbo words and phrases, detailed descriptions of nature and the usage of figurative languageRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1702 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Things Fall Apart Biographical information about the author: Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria in 1930. He had an early career as a radio host, and later became the Senior Research Fellow at the University of Nigeria. After moving to America, he became an English professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Achebe has won numerous awards for his poetry and fiction, including the Man Booker prize and Commonwealth Poetry Price. He currently teaches at Bard College. Author: Chinua AchebeRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesCulture is an Important Element of Society Chinua Achebe is the author of when Things Fall Apart while Joseph Conrad authored Heart of Darkness. Conrad and Achebe set their individual titles in Africa; Achebe is an African writer whereas Conrad is Polish-British. The authors draw strength from their backgrounds to validity the authenticity of their fictional novels. Conrad writes from his experiences in the British and French navies while Achebe uses his African heritage. The theme of culture isRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1248 Words   |  5 PagesChris Lowndes Ms. Cook A.P.L.C. 21 October 2015 We Are Family: Hardships in One s Family in Things Fall Apart Specific attributes correlate with each other to help create or not create the ideal strong family. However, through those attributes arise conflicts and major disputes. This issue of trying to achieve and create a strong family is of immense importance in one’s life, especially in Chinua Achebe’s, Things Fall Apart, a milestone in African literature. For instance, the father leaves his legacyRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagescertain degree of the priest class, libation, holidays, creation stories, divine systems of punishments and rewards. In the novel, Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a story of tragic fall of a protagonist and the Igbo culture. Achebe demonstrates different examples and situations of where an African culture, in the instances of tribal religions, did certain things because of their tradition is and the way they developed into. African cultures pondered life mysteries and articulated theirRead Mo reChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1314 Words   |  6 PagesChinua Achebe masterpiece â€Å"Things Fall Apart† (1959) is the classic story of Okonkwo, a young man who strives to be revered by his village and family but because of his own internal character flaws meets his own demise. In the Igbo culture, family traditions are an important narrative throughout the novel. Okonkwo, the protagonist character of this story, begins with many attributes of what would be concluded as a hero with his cultural society. He is hard working, a material provider, feared and

The Samples of Essay Introduction Paragraph Game

The Samples of Essay Introduction Paragraph Game The Foolproof Samples of Essay Introduction Paragraph Strategy There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Furthermore, state your reach of research, i.e. the boundaries within which you're likely to compose your essay. In addition, the application is secure and easy. The whole procedure for visiting the office ought to be described. When some students like providing a great deal of information in the debut, it is wise to be brief and direct. The orientation is largely focused on three elements, which include things like customer emphasis, profitability, and efficient marketing. The info ought to be verifiable and true. You are able to go into supporting information within the body of your essay, and therefore don't tell us everything all at one time. Writing an introductory paragraph is simpler than it might appear. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. What's Really Happening with Samples of Essay Introduction Paragraph If you're still unsure about your introduction, our essay editors would really like to provide you with some feedback. You can also see analytical essay. You might also see descriptive essay. A self-introduction essay might be among the easiest essays to begin. If you're to really gain from model essays, you will need to understand how to read the techniques of the writer'. Possessing a well-written introduction is crucial to a thriving essay. The Argument About Samples of Essay Introduction Paragraph During its minimum, the very first paragraph should give a very clear context of your paper. Crafting a great introduction and thesis statement is frequently the hardest portion of writing an essay. Understanding how to write a 5 paragraph essay is a good portion of any admission procedure, so should you wish to complete it correctly, get acquainted with samples online and follow our simple guidelines. It is essential that the thesis statement ought to be slimmed down so as to adhere to the guidelines of the given writing exercise. A self-introduction essay is, in most instances, written utilizing the first-person viewpoint. The debut of any written work carries a great deal of weight as it creates the very first impression. In any case, according to its small length, the author must create a suitable structure and earn a lot of edits. The Pain of Samples of Essay Introduction Paragraph Statements are made by them for a number of different reasons. Last, you're want to close your introductory paragraph. In the event the very first paragraph doesn't make an impression, it is going to affect the whole essay. If you realize that you are pausing between both paragraphs, it's far better to compose a transition sentence. Your introductory paragraph ought to be clear and concise just enjoy the example. The number of sentences isn't as important, since the quantity of paragraphs. The very first sentences ought to be common in regards to the extensive topic. A letter of inquiry is a type of interest letter where the writer asks about the opportunity of a work opening later on. Also be certain your essay doesn't have any filler and fluff. Exactly the way that it's written or what should be in there heavily is dependent upon the period of the essay and type. Your thesis statement, on the flip side, should supply a response to the major problem of your essay. The Chronicles of Samples of Essay Introduction Paragraph The main portion of your essay should consist of 3 paragraphs. You've got to describe your target in your essay intro. Because it isn't uncommon to deviate from your outlin e, make certain your introduction is in accord with your completed essay. Finding out how to compose an essay introduction may appear the very best start for virtually any student who is fighting with his academic undertaking. Five paragraph essay is a distinctive format in writing, but nonetheless, it also requires an outline. If you wish to succeed, it's essential to be aware of the major grading points for your five paragraph essay. The thesis statement is usually only 1 sentence and is composed of the subject, focus, and three major points of the essay. The previous sentence provides the solution to the essay question.

Gerald Croft Essay Paper Example For Students

Gerald Croft Essay Paper Recently we were given the play, An Inspector Calls to read written by J.B Priestly. The play was set in spring 1912 in the Birlings house in Brumley, an industrial city in the North Midlands. The main characters in this play are the Birlings, a middle class family: Arthur the father, Sybil the mother, Eric their son and Sheila the daughter. The other main characters are Gerald Croft, Sheilas fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e and Inspector Goole. The play revolves around the death of Eva Smith who was known to all the family. The play begins with the Birlings and Gerald Croft sitting round the dining-room table having a dinner party to celebrate Gerald and Sheilas engagement. Mr Birling is talking to Gerald about how happy he is that his daughter has found someone to marry and that the Crofts and Birlings should join their businesses together. He goes on saying that the world is making the great progress, the Titanic is about to set sail and its going to be the most luxurious and unsinkable liner ever made and that there is no chance of going to war . While the men are sat round the table listening to Mr Birling giving them a lecture, there is a knock on the door.  At the door is Inspector Goole, he goes into the dining room and speaks to Mr Birling. He says:  Id like some information if you dont mind, Mr Birling. Two hours ago a young woman died in the infirmary. Shed been taken there this afternoon because shed swallowed a lot of strong disinfectant. Burnt her insides out of course. Mr Birling doesnt know what this has got to do with him. The inspector then tells Mr Birling the young womans name was Eva Smith, the inspector then shows Mr Birling a picture of the girl and the expression on his face changes, indicating to the inspector that Mr Birling knows her.  The connection between Mr Birling and Eva Smith is that Eva used to work in the Birlings factory until she and a few of the other girls asked for a pay rise and when Mr Birling refused, Eva argued back and soon after, Mr Birling sacked her leaving her unemployed with no income. I think that Mr Birling had only a slight involvement with Evas. He was the person that started the chain of events leaving her penniless. Mr Birling, with his upper class attitude doesnt think he has done anything wrong and does not feel responsible for the young womans death in any way.  The next person the inspector questions is Sheila. When she comes into the room she is upset. Her father has told her what has happened and she feels guilty. Eva had started working in Milwards clothes shop and Sheila went in to buy something new. Sheila decided to try on a dress. She knew once she had tried it on, it looked ridiculous and when Eva looked at her, she thought Eva was looking at her as if too say doesnt she look awful, Sheila was angry and told the manager of the shop about Eva and left the shop without buying anything. Eva was sacked again because the manager thought she was discouraging the clientele. Sheila feels bad and thinks she is partly to blame as is her father because they both were being selfish and were partially responsible for Evas suicide.  After inspector Goole had questioned Sheila, he told the family that due to circumstances that Eva Smith then changed her name to Daisy Renton. As soon as Inspector Goole mentions Daisy Renton, Gerald realises who they are talking about. He recognised the name Daisy Renton. .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b , .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b .postImageUrl , .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b , .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b:hover , .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b:visited , .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b:active { border:0!important; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b:active , .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue9231ba84ab0b3bc5d62fff42ab83d8b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry and Ann Bradstreet EssayThe connection between Gerald and Daisy was that the previous summer when Gerald wasnt spending with Sheila, he was also seeing Daisy. He met Daisy one night after work when he went to a bar for a drink. A few nights later, he met up with her again. He found out she was penniless and was about to be thrown out her room. Gerald felt sorry for her and gave her a place to stay, he also gave her money. Eventually he broke it off with her and offered her some money to see her through for a while but she wouldnt take it because she said he had done enough for her already. Gerald wont own up to having anything to do with her death. He thinks because he hadnt had anything to do with this girl for six months, he is blameless. I think he could have had a little to do with Evas death because she really liked him and when he finished the relationship with her, she couldnt bear it.  Mrs Birling also knew Daisy (Eva). Mrs Birling was part of the Brumley Womans Charity Organisation and Daisy went to them with her problems; she was pregnant. She wasnt married and she wasnt seeing anyone so when she went to the organisation she lied. She said her name was Mrs Birling. Mrs Birling said there was no way her name could have been Mrs Birling. Daisy admitted saying that it wasnt her real name and that it had been the first name she had thought of and that she wasnt married and she was stuck with this baby. Mrs Birlings Organisation turned her away because being pregnant and unmarried was frowned upon. Mrs Birling wouldnt have anything to do with being involved with the girls death she said:   Go and look for the father of the child. Its his responsibility.  Mrs Birling didnt feel responsible in the slightest; she blamed Daisy for getting herself into the situation.

VirPharms Marketing Plan

Executive Summary VirPharm Company was established in St Petersburg in 2009. The firm is currently engaged in manufacturing of over-the-counter and prescription drugs. The company boasts of a wide range of extremely qualified staff with extensive knowledge in the development of novel synthetic drugs, clinical trials as well as their introduction into medical profession. The main objective of VirPharm is to augment sales volumes and expand the market share of its various products.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on VirPharm’s Marketing Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the pharmaceutical market is subject to various criticisms from media outlets, the company has numerous competitive advantages that it plans to use in order to prevail over these challenges. For instance, VirPharm recently rebranded BOPREX into RELEVEN to capture new market. RELEVEN will be priced competitively in the OTC marke t in order to gain an upper hand over other competitors. The main target market for this newly packaged drug will be young executives (21-40 age categories) who experience various pains brought about by their busy schedules. The second target market for this product is the older generation (50-75 years) which are still actively engaged in career advancement. Virpharm also plans to employ various channels (i.e. online distribution and office supply stores, and vendor machines) to differentiate RELEVEN from other OTC drugs. The firm expects that RELEVEN will gain 20% of the OTC market share within 24 months after its introduction into the market. VirPharm’s Marketing Plan Current Marketing Situation Virpharm is a medium-sized pharmaceutical company that produces number of over-the-counter (OTC) prescription medicines. The main goal of Virpharm is to expand the market share for its various products. Although the company has achieved remarkable achievements through Hapizine (an a ntidepressant); the exclusive rights for this medicine will expire soon rendering its market share to generic competition. Recently, the company obtained permission to sell BOPREX over the counter as treatment for migraine and general pain (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.664). According to the latest data, BOPREX is ranked sixth in terms of market share. The Virpharm plans to use this strategic market plan to augment the market share held by this product by launching it via OTC market (Buckley 2004, p.4). The firm aims to leverage BOPREX’s strength in a highly competitive and saturated market to achieve this goal. The main competitors for this product in OTC market include aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the major weaknesses in the market is weak product differentiation. As of now, grocer y stores and drugstores are the two main outlets for OTC pain relief. The NSAID marketplace has a number of challenges. For instance, it is currently the subject of media criticism as a result of the adverse heart-related side effects. What’s more, the market is currently saturated by competitors making brand loyalty a seemingly difficult task to accomplish. Nonetheless, Virpharm possesses a number of strengths that it aims to employ to conquer these challenges. For example, the firm has an extremely inspired workforce and a market-leading sales force. In addition, the firm’s cost of production is somewhat lower compared to other competitors in the market (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.665). Virpharm intends to enter into new markets yet to be explored by their rivals. For example, it plans to rename BOPREX as â€Å"RELEVEN.† The firm plans to competitively price this newly renamed product slightly lower than other rival brands in the market. The main target market for this product will be young professionals (aged between 21 to 40 years) with a principal focus on pain relief attributed to daily overexertion. The firm has also identified the elderly population segment (which is increasing) as another target market. Virpharm aspires to spend much of its efforts to market RELEVEN to the 50-75 years age category. What’s more, the firm aims to use new distribution channels (i.e. online platform and office supply stores) to differentiate RELEVEN from other drugs. Virpharm anticipates acquiring 20% of the market share for OTC pain relievers in a span of two year after the product is launched (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.665). Marketing Goals and Objectives Virpharm has explicit marketing objective that have resulted in remarkable achievements and which will be employed as the basis for future accomplishments. The principal objective of Virpharm is to develop and expand the sales as well as market share for each drug it manufactures. It is worth mentioning that the pharmaceutical company has produced a number of high quality prescription and OTC medicines that have granted it a substantial market share and brand preference. One of the main goals of any public company is to maximize the wealth of the investors. It is against this background that the main marketing objective of Virpharm is evidently aligned with its mission given that it affects the value of investors. What’s more, the marketing objective (to expand sales and market share) grants Virpharm elasticity to react to adjustments in the external environment as well as the requirements of consumers (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.665). According to Linn (2010), marketing is a pragmatic discipline grounded on several minor reasoning and concepts. It is a discipline that combines several activities in order to enhance sales volume of a particular product (p.2). Communication is thus a crucial ingredient in this endeavor since marketing applies to branded products on ly (Linn 2010, p.3). There are various theories that organizations employ in their marketing strategies.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on VirPharm’s Marketing Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the Transaction Model shows the interactive relationship between the merchant’s offer and the consumer’s perception about the product (Linn 2010, p.24). In other words the main objective of the merchant is offer a product/service that the consumer will perceive it as more valuable than its price tag. On the basis of careful consideration of SWOT analysis, the current main goal of Virpharm is â€Å"to launch and position RELEVEN as the convenient, prescription-strength, over-the-counter pain reliever† (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.677). The major driving force for this marketing plan is expediency. One of the fundamental demands of consumers for drugs in the OTC market entails e xpediency; regardless of whether the drug is sold via an online platform or retail store. What’s more, RELEVEN possesses distinctive attributes in the OTC market. This will provide consumers the expediency, satisfaction and confidence of obtaining a prescription-strength drug without physician’s direction (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.677). The first objective of the abovementioned goal is to â€Å"obtain a 20 percent share of the multipurpose pain relief market within two years of launch† (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.677). While a majority of rival drugs are manufactured and marketed as relief for specific diseases, RELEVEN will be marketed as an all-purpose pain reliever for various ailments such as fever, pains, general aches, migraines and headaches. The targeted market will be young executives who undergo overexertion at workplace (due to noise, computer strain, stress, or tension) or at home (as a result of household chores). The second objective is to â€Å"g arner 20 percent of sales from online ordering system within one year of launch† (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.678). As RELEVEN continues to gain market share, the accessibility of nonconventional procurement alternatives, such as accessibility from office supply retailers and online ordering will position RELEVEN as a frontrunner in the office environment (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.678). This implies that online consumers will be able to procure this product from the comfort of their office Target Market, Customer Analysis and Positioning Main Target Market The main target market for Virpharm is made up of men and women in the 21-40 age categories and employed in an office setting. These individuals (with a diverse ethnic backdrop) are located in both metropolitan and suburban regions. They are usually single in their 20s and typically bear children in their 30s. What’s more, most of them posses advanced academic qualifications such as Bachelor’s and Master’ s degrees.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These individuals earn substantial incomes but have limited leisure time. This market segment embodies an effortlessly identifiable and quantifiable group. This is a considerable consumer segment that is reachable via numerous diverse communication channels. In spite of the fact that young professionals constitute the main target market for Virpharm, the older active adults are the second target market for RELEVEN. This market segment (which comprises of men and women in the 50-74 age categories) continues to expand and is projected to become the biggest consumer of pharmaceutical merchandises in the future (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.679). Classifying Characteristics Majority of the young professionals in VirPharm’s target market can access web via numerous locations such as home and workplace. What’s more, a number of them have a laptop or home office to work from home. This target group maintains a freestyle lifestyle in which they prolong their working hours for car eer advancement. In addition, they maintain robust social lives that encompass attending social meetings, bars, restaurants and sports events. Given their lifestyle, this target group values expedient access to medications because they have limited time for filling prescriptions or for physician’s visits. In addition, they anticipate swift relief for their ailments. The younger segment of this target is also conversant with internet, mobile phones and pagers hence are used to acquiring information via their fingertips (Smith Zook 2011, p.9). In order to capture this market, it is crucial to allow easy and swift access to RELEVEN (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.679). This strategy echoes some postulations of Social Cognitive Theory. For instance one of the salient concepts of this theory is an environmental variable (observational learning). This theory creates an environment in which one (marketers) can observe the behaviors of others (shoppers) and gain insight on the consequenc es of those actions (Lefebvre 2000, p.7). The older population target is currently leading an active lifestyle that transcends the normal retirement age. The country’s baby boomers embody a substantial portion of the population and thus a considerable consumer segment. The baby boomers, in their 50s, are still pursuing career advancement. What’s more, many others remain actively employed well beyond 65 years with no prospect of retiring in the near future. The baby boomers also lead active lives such as pursuing primary and second careers, attending social gatherings (i.e. sports events) and redecorating their residential homes through gardening and landscaping (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.679). With regard to pain relief, the primary target group (21-40 years) hunts for effective pain relief for several symptoms such as hangovers, eye strains and headaches. Given their busy schedules, this cohort seeks prescription-strength drugs that are accessible over the counter. Wh at’s more, the younger group is easily swayed by products that are deemed trendy and popular. On the other hand, the older cohort basically requires less costly but effective drugs. In terms of purchasing habits as well as tastes and preferences, the younger group procures products online on a regular basis. Apart from online shopping, most of them regularly visit local convenience stores to procure products (Shaw Jones 2005, p.249; McNeal 2000, p.10). What’s more, they are ready to pay more in order to save time. On the other hand, given the escalating cost of prescription drugs and healthcare, the older generation seeks less expensive medications as substitute for pain relief (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.680). As noted above, the primary target is less concerned about price. They are willing to spend an extra coin to get effective drugs. In other words, convenience and effectiveness of a product are the main factors that influence the decision of younger generations t o procure drugs. It is also worthy to note that the primary target group has a tendency of enduring pain rather than treating it. VirPharm’s marketing strategy should thus focus on swaying non-consumers of pain relief drugs by providing an effective option to relief; one that can be utilized expediently on a temporary basis and with negligible side effects. On the other hand, the older group (secondary target market) is price-conscious and likely to procure renowned drugs in the OTC market (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.680). Product Strategy One salient aspect of RELEVEN that VirPharm will give emphasis to relates to the product’s prescription-strength formula. RELEVEN is an effective cure for migraine headaches, osteoarthritis and general pain relief. The company plans to launch the product in capsule form comprising of single dosage strength. In order to abridge the RELEVEN’s initial offering, the product will presented as treatment for general pain such as arthr itis, migraines and headaches. Subsequent offerings will encompass optional product forms, such as tablets in different dosages. A salient advantage for the company is that RELEVEN copyright protection will run for three years after product launch. This product will thus be protected from generic imitations in the near future. In addition, VirPharm’s exclusive rights to RELEVEN will sustain the product’s initial pricing model during the patent period (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.681). Product Branding and Packaging RELEVEN is poised to replace BOPREX in the OTC market. This name (RELEVEN) was chosen to cleverly convey its function in offering pain relief. The white capsule (with red RELEVEN inscribed on it) will at first be packaged in three various sizes: an Office Pack containing 250 capsules, Personal Relief pack (100 capsules), and a Trial Pack (10 capsules). Even though other rivals provide bigger packages (i.e. Family packs), VirPharm’s Office Pack is suitab le for office/work settings. Subsequent packaging will contain two capsules (a single-dose) that will be accessible via vending machines in all parts of the United States (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.681). Product Differentiation and Positioning There are a number of aspects that differentiates RELEVEN product. First, this product will be packaged with an office presence; positioned as the finest remedy for various illnesses prevalent in an office/work settings such as migraines, headaches and eyestrains. The Office Presence will be improved further via online distribution as well as office supply stores. In addition, the product will be differentiated as an e-medicine that is easily available via online platform. It will be marketed as a brand choice for the main target group. The product will also acquire brand loyalty via its coolness factor, prestige and novelty. RELEVEN will be sold together with supplemental products. Nevertheless, given its distinctive attributes, RELEVEN will be sold as a supplemental drug in office supply stores. Apart from close collaboration with other retailers, including Office Depot, Office Max and Staples, the firm will collaborate with producers of explicit product line to display RELEVEN’s free trial packages together with their product offerings (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.681). According to Lefebvre (2000), there are various marketing theories and model used by organization to position their respective products in the market (p.1). It is worth mentioning that the concept of value exchange is commonly used to describe social marketing programs (Gronroos 2006, p.320). This is because marketing is based on theories that explain consumer behaviors (Lefebvre 2000, p.2). For example, Social Cognitive Theory explains consumer behavior as a reciprocal determinism. In other words, environmental events, cognitive, interpersonal aspects and behaviors all work as interrelating determinants of each other (Lefebvre 2000, p.7). Accordi ng to this theory, an individual behavior is not a subject of intrinsic factors (i.e. an individual is not a product of environment). On the contrary, the theory postulates that an individual has direct control on his/her personal behaviors, what he/she do and the manner in which he/she react to their environment. Thus adjustments in any of these three factors are assumed to bring about adjustments in the other elements (Lefebvre 2000, p.7). Pricing Strategy RELEVEN is aimed at young generations who have expressed (in their shopping behaviors) that price is an irrelevant factor when procuring products. Expediency and status seem to be the crucial factors for this market segment. By marketing RELEVEN as the finest treatment for general pain as well as gaining a substantial office presence, the inexpensiveness of this product will remain the secondary focus of its attractiveness. In spite of the fact that price is not a salient aspect in marketing this product, the company can neverth eless take advantage of its access to less costly raw materials and thus reduce production cost. The pricing strategy, while principally reliant upon vendors, will position RELEVEN as an inexpensive treatment for general pain. Revenues will be acquired via sales volume as well as considerable profit margins. With a Personal Relief pack (100 capsules) priced at $5.63, VirPharm’s projected retail price for RELEVEN will be $8.99. This price is akin to Aleve and Advil and less costly than other drugs used to treat migraines. The Office Pack (250 capsules) and Trial Pack (10 capsules) will have a list price of $8.77 and $0.83 respectively (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.681). Distribution Strategy VirPharm’s distribution strategy for RELEVEN is multifaceted. During the initial phase, shelf space will be acquired via conventional venues including mass merchandise retailers, grocery stores and drug stores. Nonetheless, the principal distribution channel will be via websites and of fice supply stores. During the growth stage, access to RELEVEN will be enhanced via less conventional locations (i.e. photocopy and shipping centers). This is because the main target group (young active generation) are known to frequent these locations. In addition, the product will be made available via online platforms such as OfficeDepot.com, OfficeMax.com and Staples.com. Firms that procure technological tools and supplies as well as office supplies will be able to access RELEVEN via their regular shopping activities. Another distribution strategy will entail single-dose packages via vending machines located in bowling alleys, golf courses, health clubs, shopping malls and offices. Besides, the firm aims to distribute RELEVEN nationally through online retailers (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.682). Secondary Target Market Although the company’s secondary market will comprise of many retailers, the key focus will be on acquiring shelf space in online supplies warehouses as well as office supply vendors. VirPharm will also target other businesses (i.e. photocopy and shipping centers). In addition, the firm will also target vending machine services as an avenue to gain direct access to consumers. These merchants are critically needed to help increase sales via enhanced use and visitation of their product offerings. With respect to the vending services, VirPharm’s aim is to augment sales given that profitability is closely related with the quantity of goods sold (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.682). Product Strategy The all-purpose pain relief provided by RELEVEN echoes the requirements of office supply consumers. For online vendors, providing this RELEVEN as an add-on sale product is an effective way to augment their sales. Given that the drug will be positioned in line with a strong office presence, office suppliers stand to gain immensely from their association with RELEVEN (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.682). Pricing Strategy The principal pricing strategy is to merge considerable sales volumes and midsize profit margins for profitability. RELEVEN will be presented to vendors at a higher price than aspirin and generics, but at a lower price compared to numerous drugs specifically designed to treat migraines and arthritis. As noted above, the list price offered to wholesalers and vendors for Office Pack (250 capsules), Trial Pack (10 capsules) and Personal Relief (100 capsules) pack will be $8.77, $0.83 and $5.63 respectively (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.683). Distribution Strategy VirPharm will employ discounts on some of its over-the-counter merchandises as well as slotting charges to acquire shelf space in key merchant stores. These inducements will be removed after RELEVEN gains brand name recognition. The company also plans to introduce free-standing display packs in key retail stores. In addition, point-of-sale exhibits will be presented to convenience stores, shipping and photocopy centers and office supply stores to attract shop pers at the exit points. What’s more, distribution of RELEVEN through vending machines will be subcontracted to a third-party vending supply firm. After the product is initially introduced to the market via both conventional and nonconventional channels, the firm will then adopt online distribution as its primary strategy. Smith and Zook (2011) assert that social media has opened up novel communication channels which offer markers direct access to consumers (p.6). For example, Web 2.0 facilitates communication between marketers and customers (Earls 2002). VirPharm anticipates a 50% increase in online distribution after initial distribution channels have generated brand name recognition. Given that the VirPharm will use its staff as well as consulting company, communication with the supply chain will be done mainly via sales negotiations as well as site visits. A sum of $125 million will be set aside for marketing activities such as trial packages displayed in several retail s tores, consulting services and to meet travelling expenditures of the sales personnel (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.683). Marketing Implementation In light of the precise direction and focus of VirPharm’s marketing plan, the firm will abide by the initial structural strategy that is rather centralized. This strategy is preferred given that the firm has adopted untried channels. What’s more, the centralized strategy permits efficient utilization of limited financial and human resources. The Senior Vice President of the OTC Division will oversee the overall marketing plan and will serve as a sounding board to get feedback on emerging problems as well as provide assistance in dissipating any conflicts that might endanger the plan. In addition, a senior account administrator from the Consumer Group will oversee the implementation of the marketing plan. He/she will ensure that adequate resources are made available, enlist internal staff, ensure deadlines are met and supervise the completion of the marketing plan (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.683). Apart from employing internal resources, VirPharm will engage the services of a consulting company that is experienced on procurement, advertising, promotion and online-based selling. Given that the driving force of the marketing strategy is particularly centered on online distribution of REVELEN, several challenges are bound to emerge since VirPharm has never used this channel before (Ferrell and Hartline, 2010, p.683). However, online-based marketing strategy promises limitless benefits in terms of product marketing and distribution. For example, Smith and Zook (2011) assert that social media has heralded a new era of marketing in which consumers are the main focus of organizations (p.4). In addition, social media has granted marketers novel tools that they can use to interact with consumers and encourage them buy their products. Thus, social media has brought about joined-up marketing strategy where the out-bou nd marketing methods (i.e. telemarketing, direct mail, and advertising) is combined with in-bound marketing-in which social media enhances communication between organizations and consumers (Smith Zook 2011, p.4; Ludicke 2006, p.7). As a result, a knowledgeable and skilled staff should be employed to alleviate problems associated with the novel marketing plan as well as to offer general feedback and direction to the project. One of the salient services that the consultant will offer will be scientific study about the purchasing behaviors of corporate shoppers as well as the locations and vendors that are most established and visited (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.684). A comprehensive list of the implementation process is provided in appendix A. Evaluation and Control To ensure that VirPharm implements RELEVEN’s marketing strategy in an effective manner; relevant procedures must be implemented in order to measures real outcomes of the plan against stated objectives. As mentioned in the previous sections, the main objectives for the introduction of RELEVEN into the over-the-counter market are: (1) attain a 20% of the market share for the all-purpose pain relief in a span of two years after product launch; and (2) acquire 20% of sales from online distribution within 12 months of product launch (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.684). The first objective will be evaluated through a blend of internal and external (third-party) reports. To be specific, VirPharm will employ the outcomes of Nielsen’s point of sale measurement data to monitor market share as well as sales in terms of merchant type and region. The second objective will be evaluated through a combination of internal sales records of VirPharm and data from partners within the supply chain. The company projects that approximately 9% of sales will be realized from online retail stores such as Amazon.com and Drugstore.com. Another 10 to 12% of sales will be realized from online ordering at conventional re tail stores such as Walgreen, CVS, Wal-Mart, Office Depot, Office Max, and Staples (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.684). Implementation Timeline Appendix B shows a 3-month plan for the introduction of RELEVEN into OTC market. Given that several activities must be completed (i.e. product artwork and simulation of the website), RELEVEN will not be launched until the first week of June. However, a number of VirPharm’s promotional activities will commence simultaneously during the initial week of sales. These will include website banners, television ads and promotional gifts associated with office supply stores. The final production of the product (RELEVEN) will commence in the first week of May. This will offer adequate supply to retail shelf space and warehouses before product launch. After RELEVEN is introduced into the OTC market, VirPharm expects production to run on an uninterrupted basis. It is worth mentioning that this is merely a 3-month plan given that a number of these act ivities spin around the product launch. However, marketing activities are expected to continue in the future and will be modified on the basis of product demand and efficiency (Ferrell Hartline 2010, p.685). References Buckley, J 2004, Pharmaceutical Marketing: Time for Change, University College Cork, Cork. Earls, M 2002, Welcome to the Creative Age: Bananas, business and the death of marketing, Wiley, Chichester. Ferrell, OC Hartline, MD 2010, Marketing strategy, 5th edn, South-Western Cengage learning, Ohio. Gronroos, C 2006, ‘Marketing Theory: Adopting a service logic for marketing’, Marketing Theory, vol.6 no. 3, pp. 316-313. Lefebvre, RC 2000, Handbook of Marketing and Society, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. Linn, CE 2010, General Theory of Marketing. Web. Ludicke, M 2006, A Theory of Marketing: Outline of a Social systems Perspective, DUV, Gabler Edition Wissenschaft, St. Gallen. McNeal, J 2000, Children as consumers of commercial and Social Product, Texa s University, Texas. Shaw, EH Jones, GB 2005, ‘Marketing Theory: A history of schools of marketing thought’, Marketing Theory, vol. 5 no. 3, pp. 239-281. Smith, PR Zook, Z 2011, Marketing Communications: Integrating Offline and Online with Social Media, 5th edn, Kogan Page, London. Appendix A: Tactical Implementation Activities Appendix B: Product Launch Plan This assessment on VirPharm’s Marketing Plan was written and submitted by user Carley Russo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thomas Edison essays

Thomas Edison essays Have you ever wondered how such things as light bulbs came to be? Outstanding inventors such as Thomas Alva Edison gave people of his time the first advantage of using electric light. Edison was a great inventor and creator of things from the light bulb to the phonograph, which led people to the later inventions of CD stereos and music recordings. Where would the world be without music? I guess you could consider him the worlds first disc jockey. He was the creator of one of the most significant inventions of modern man. Can you imagine living in todays world with candles and kerosene lanterns as our only source of evenings light? Where would Las Vegas be without Edisons genius? Born February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio, Edison had a real talent for being intelligent for his age of time. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Edison, Jr. and Nancy Elliot Edison. They had no special mechanical background. His parents were very intent on wanting their son Thomas to focus on reading but he could not take his mind off of his new love of invention. At the age of 10, Edison had created his first laboratory for his experiments in the basement of his parents home. At that point in life there was no turning back for Thomas Alva Edison, he was committed to creating inventions for the rest of his life. In 1879 in Newark, New Jersey his workshop after years of work, Edison finally succeeded on his creation of the light bulb. After spending $40,000, and performing 1,200 experiments, he had finally found that the key was to use carbonized filaments of cotton thread to make his invention work. Thomas Alva Edison added many contributions to the every day life. And a fter his death in 1931, his laboratory in Newark, New Jersey continued to invent things and make an impact on everyday lives of the common people of todays society. I guess you could say, he set the groundwork for many of today...

Land and valuation of land with various land investments Research Paper

Land and valuation of land with various land investments - Research Paper Example This essay analyzes that unlike other investments, land investment is fixed in quantity and immobile. Its value, however, keeps on appreciating, this makes land one of the major and vital investment projects of all times. The risks involved in land investment are also very minimal, this is because, when one invests in the land he is sure that its value will keep on appreciating over a given duration, thus leaving no room for selling it below the investment price. This is contrary to other investments which might depreciate in value with time.Land investment is very advantageous in the sense that, it historically keeps on appreciating in value. There are fewer risks involved in the land investment. In addition to being an investment project, the land is also a factor of production, which means that investing in land may end up giving double returns, that of its value plus the proceeds from production, say if used for Agricultural purposes. Property appreciation; talking about property appreciation, this refers to increase in the value of a property with time, a good example is that of land. Due to increase in demand each day, some properties for example land will continue appreciating in value because population keeps on increasing and its supply remains fixed. Equity refers to the residual claim on an investment. The land has the equity in that, after investment on land, when one wants to sell off his property, he will sell land at a higher price than the initial investment price. The land is, therefore, the best equity investment.  ... Mostly, they are knowledgeable in finance, money matters including banking, stocks and commodities, investments and economics. INTRODUCTION People have always been passionate about acquisition of land for ranching, farming, hunting, fishing, recreating, commercial-agricultural, and for land to develop into a higher use. Lands are very precious from time immemorial and that is why there have been laws, which govern land issues right from the start of civilization. The meaning of land is not only derived on the face value, but by what it contains and encompasses and this is why different lands attract different prices when being valued. There are also areas with vast lands, which just lie idle yet they are owned by people. In the day-to-day life, almost everyone comes into play with some of the land rules governing the ownership, use or occupation of land. To begin, every person lives somewhere on a parcel of land. And many humans owe their existence, livelihood or employment, directly or indirectly, to something that was produced from land. This clearly shows that we cannot live without land. Some people live on leasehold homes while others on freehold properties. Not many will understand the term freehold and leasehold. It is therefore very important for each person to understand and appreciate what he or she owns or occupies. Individuals who rent homes on a weekly or monthly basis need to understand to what extent they can act or do things with the rented property and what they cannot do. The same principle applies to people living with their parents or on properties owned and managed by their partners. They need this knowledge so as to understand the rights they have, if any exists, and